I was thinking about this earlier in the day, you can get a game over in Space Invaders if the enemies make it to the bottom of the screen, even if you did not lose any lives. I am drawing a blank when it comes to other arcade titles that has something like this. Not counting kill screens, beating the game, or games that use time limits as opposed to lives, are there other arcade games that can cause a game over outside of losing all of your lives? i.e. Only counting games in which you get multiple lives. I know you have some console games like that e.g. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for the NES, if you run out of time in the underwater stage, before you diffuse all the bombs.
